There are several types of scoliosis:

• Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most common type of scoliosis in children and teens. It develops between the ages of 10 and 18. Idiopathic means there is no known cause, and it occurs in children who do not have any other medical problems.
• Congenital scoliosis is present from birth and involves abnormal development of the small bones in the spine, called vertebrae, before a child is born.
• Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is a side-to-side (lateral) curve of the spine diagnosed in children 8 and under.
• Neuromuscular and syndromic scoliosis happens in children with another medical condition that affects the muscles, nerves or spine, such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy or spina bifida.

Scoliosis is more common in girls, but any child can develop the condition. In most cases, there is no known cause. However, a family history of scoliosis increases a child’s risk of developing the condition.

In congenital scoliosis, the cause is known. A child may be born with a misshapen vertebra, one of the building blocks of the spine. A curve may also develop from an underlying neurological disorder (neuromuscular scoliosis).

Slouching, bad posture, sleeping position, lack of calcium or carrying heavy books, backpacks or purses does not cause scoliosis. It’s not the result of doing anything “wrong,” and there’s no way to prevent it.

Groundbreaking research at Scottish Rite for Children is working to determine the cause of scoliosis, better understand factors that lead to curve progression, explore ways to prevent curve progression and improve treatments.

Scoliosis is usually diagnosed during a routine physical exam with a pediatrician or a school screening. The most common test for scoliosis is the Adam’s forward bend test. During this exam, the child bends forward while an examiner looks for signs of scoliosis in the back.

Scoliosis can range from mild to severe. Signs include:

• One hip that appears higher than the other
• One shoulder blade that is more prominent than the other
• Uneven shoulders
• An asymmetrical rib cage in which the left or right side appears higher from the back when the child bends over to touch their toes

The way clothing hangs on your child may also reveal signs of the condition. For example, a hem may look uneven, or one pant leg might appear longer.

Most children with scoliosis do not have any pain. However, in severe cases, the condition may cause breathing difficulties or pain in the back or shoulders. Your child may also feel tiredness or weakness in his or her back after sitting or standing for long periods.

If your child’s doctor detects scoliosis, the next step is to take X-rays to capture a clear image of the spine and measure to see if a curvature is present and how large it is. Your child’s doctor may also order other imaging tests to gather more information.

Treatment generally falls into these four categories:

• Observation - X-rays are taken every 4 to 8 months to monitor the curve. This is generally for curves less than 20 degrees.
• Bracing - Bracing is typically for curves between 20 and 45 degrees. If your child is still growing, scoliosis bracing may help prevent their curve from worsening. There are several types of scoliosis braces. At Scottish Rite for Children, all braces are custom made on-site in our Orthotics & Prosthetics lab by orthotists who work side-by-side with our physicians.
• Surgery - Surgery is generally used for curves above 45 to 50 degrees. The goal of surgery is to prevent the curve from worsening and to correct the curve a certain amount. The type of surgery most commonly used is a posterior spinal fusion with instrumentation. A newer technique, which is only indicated for some scoliosis cases, is vertebral body tethering (VBT.)
• Physical therapy - A scoliosis-specific exercise program can help your child’s symptoms and may be recommended along with bracing.
• Casting - Younger patients with scoliosis may be candidates for casting. This treatment includes a series of casts during the course of several months to slow or stop the curve from worsening.

Some children and teens feel embarrassed or self-conscious about having scoliosis or wearing a brace. Having mental health support can help them cope. Our peer support program is another resource we offer to patients and families to help them navigate scoliosis treatment.

In scoliosis patients with a curve of 50 degrees or more, spinal surgery is often the best treatment option. Surgery is also used for patients who did not achieve success with bracing. If surgery is needed, your surgeon will tailor the operation to the specific needs of your child.

• Spinal fusion surgery is the most common surgery performed to treat scoliosis. During this surgery, the curved vertebrae are fused together to create a single, solid bone. This stops the growth in the abnormal part of the spine and prevents the curve from worsening. Metal rods attached by screws are used to hold the spine in place until the bone heals.
• Vertebral body tethering (VBT) is a surgical treatment for idiopathic scoliosis in growing children. In this procedure, a surgeon attaches a flexible cord to the spine. The cord placement slows growth on one side of the curve while allowing growth on the other side, to potentially straighten the spine over time.
• Growing rods are used for patients diagnosed with early-onset scoliosis (EOS) – children under the age of 8. This is an innovative treatment that reduces the number of surgeries a child must undergo. In this procedure, a surgeon places a metal rod next to the spine. This rod can be lengthened as your child grows. There are two main types of growing rods: the traditional growing rod (TGR) and the
  MAGEC™(MAGnetic Expansion Control) rod.
• Halo-Gravity Traction is the process of gently stretching and straightening a significantly curved spine, as seen in patients with scoliosis and kyphosis. This method of treatment is usually the first step in a treatment plan before other treatments, such as bracing, casting or spinal surgery. After the halo is placed, a traction device is attached using a pulley system that attaches to the child’s bed, wheelchair or walker. Over time, clinicians will add weight to the pulley to slowly stretch and straighten the child’s curved spine. During this process, clinicians will monitor your child’s movements and strength as well as take X-rays to track progress. Once your child’s curve has improved, the halo will be removed, and the next method of treatment will begin.

Scoliosis and spinal care experts at our Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay/Martha and Pat Beard Center for Excellence in Spine Research are working to:

• Detect symptoms earlier
• Determine the cause of idiopathic scoliosis
• Identify risk factors
• Improve treatment options
• Prevent progression of the condition

Our team is at the forefront of scoliosis research and technology. We have:

• Developed the Scottish Rite for Children Spinal System, which was the most widely used implant to treat spinal conditions.
• Identified three genes associated with idiopathic scoliosis, including the first detected associated gene in 2007.
• Improved innovative spinal surgical techniques, which have reduced blood transfusions during surgery for AIS patients, decreased the need for narcotic consumption post-surgery and minimized unnecessary blood draws in the hospital.

Our Center for Excellence in Spine Research is also home to the Pediatric Scoliosis Database and Genetic Scoliosis Database, informing and strengthening research to improve the care and lives of young people living with scoliosis. Both psychologists and child life specialists are available at Scottish Rite for Children to help patients cope with their diagnosis and treatment.